Pollination becomes a constraint when conspecific plants and/or their pollinators become scarce. Many plant species have evolved autogamous self-pollination as a means of reproductive assurance (RA) under pollination-uncertain environments. So far RA has been studied and discussed largely with reference to self-compatible species producing bisexual flowers. RA seems to have evolved across all other sexual and breeding systems – monoecy, dioecy and self-incompatibility (SI). Both monoecy and dioecy produce
bisexual flowers (andro/gyno-monoecy, andro/gynodioecy and polygamous conditions) which may provide RA. Similarly, most of the SI species are leaky and do set some seeds upon self-pollination. This phenomenon termed ‘partial self-compatibility’ is quite common and does provide RA in SI species. Although dioecy and SI have evolved as obligate outbreeding systems, they seem to have reached an evolutionary dead end because of the constraints for outcross pollination. In the light of habitat destruction leading to a reduction in the diversity and density of native pollinators, it is likely that many of the obligate outbreeders tend to shift to mixed mating system in the coming decades. Similarly, obligate mutualism in which each plant species is dependent on one animal species for pollination also seems to have reached a dead end and the trend is to abandon such obligate mutualism as a survival strategy. In the absence of such a change, obligate outbreeders and those with highly specialized pollination system are likely to become endangered or even extinct.