Forests serve as a vital resource for rural communities globally, providing for subsistence and cash income in the form of non-timber forest products (NTFP). In India, NTFPs contribute half of the household income for one-third of the rural population. Among these, the Mahua flower (Madhuca longifolia) holds significant socio-economic and cultural value, especially for the Adivasi communities in Central India. Mahua's collection and processing provide crucial employment during the agricultural lean season, though market challenges, including price volatility and lack of storage facilities, hinder profitability. This study investigates the current role and contribution of Mahua to the livelihoods of Adivasis in Chhattisgarh's Bastar district, focusing on its economic, social, and cultural dimensions.

It employs the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework to assess the current status of Mahua-based livelihoods through five key forms of capital: natural, human, financial, social, and physical capitals. Findings indicate that while Mahua-based livelihoods offer economic resilience, they face threats from declining yields, market inefficiencies, environmental changes and poor accessibility to other physical and social assets.

The research highlights the need for policy interventions for higher Minimum Support Prices (MSP), upscaling and inclusivity of existing interventions, enhanced resource management, and capacity building to ensure sustainable livelihoods. Recommendations include leveraging the MSP for MFP scheme, implementing community-based natural resource management, policy convergence and promoting value addition. By addressing these multifaceted challenges, in a context-specific approach, the study aims to foster self-reliance and livelihood security for the Adivasi communities of Bastar, ensuring the continued cultural and economic relevance of Mahua in their lives.