The four horned antelope is endemic to the Indian subcontinent. It is a solitary species which occurs in open deciduous forests at low densities and is currently reported from 104 and 3 sites in India and Nepal, respectively. Primarily a browser and concentrate feeder, it is not as dependent on water as previously suggested. Habitat loss is listed as a major threat, but observations suggest that its abundance and distribution is considerably affected by habitat changes due to local and landscape level factors. This antelope has been the subject of little scientific and conservation attention. There is an immediate need for surveys assessing its present distribution and studies identifying habitat correlates that influence its occurrence and abundance.