Gross, Eva M. and Jayasinghe, Nilanga and Dahal, Smriti and Tenzin, Sither and Klenzendorf, Sybille and Vannelli, Kate and van Gils, Elke and Hilderink-Koopmans, Femke and McVey, Drew and Banasiak, Natalia and Boron, Valeria and Frances, Diana and Petrone, Sandra and Elliott, Wendy and Cranston, Kayla and Clemens, Kate and Moore, Jennifer F. and Kansky, Ruth and Marchini, Silvio and Bhatia, Saloni and Kinnaird, Margaret F. (2025) C2C—conflict to coexistence: A global approach to manage human–wildlife conflict for coexistence. Conservation Science and Practice, 7: e13292.
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Abstract
Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) presents a growing challenge to conservation and development worldwide. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and experts on human–wildlife coexistence strategies have responded to this challenge by developing a holistic, globally applicable approach to HWC management that can be tailored to specific local, regional, or national contexts. Its framework addresses the complexity of essential HWC management and long-term coexistence strategies and is implemented in a structured yet contextualized step-by-step sequence by a team of facilitators and multiple stakeholders. The C2C: Conflict to Coexistence Approach centers on four principles (tolerance is maintained, responsibility is shared, resilience is built, holism is fundamental), four outcomes (wildlife thrives alongside human presence, habitat sufficient to maintain viable wildlife populations, people able and willing to live alongside wildlife, livelihoods/assets secured against presence of wildlife), and six HWC management elements (policy and governance, understanding interactions, prevention, response, mitigation, monitoring) that are to be implemented in an integrated way. It is currently undergoing testing in diverse pilot sites across three continents and demonstrating positive initial results. Here, we share the framework and methodology of the approach and initial results and experiences from these pilot sites.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Copyright of this article belongs to the authors. Conservation Science and Practice published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology. |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | coexistence, human-wildlife conflict, human-wildlife interaction, management framework, socio-ecological system, social- and environmental safeguards |
| Subjects: | A ATREE Publications > G Journal Papers |
| Divisions: | Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies Centre for Environment and Development > Forest, Governance and Livelihood |
| Depositing User: | Ms Library Staff |
| Date Deposited: | 26 Dec 2025 04:10 |
| Last Modified: | 26 Dec 2025 04:10 |
| URI: | http://archives.atree.org/id/eprint/1421 |
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