In December 2021, we presented a Review of Environment and Development that focused on environmental governance the institutional arrangements for making decisions across various sectors: water and air pollution, infrastructure projects, climate negotiations, and the associated environmental jurisprudence. This time, we are delighted to bring to the readers of EPW a wider array of papers covering the social, biophysical, technological, and political dimensions of various environmental issues. We start with the more “rural” or “traditional” issues—wildlife conservation, forest governance, water management, and coastal ecosystems—and then move on to the more “urban” or “modern” environmental problems, such as pollution regulation, renewable energy, climate change, and finally, the question of consumption patterns. These categories are of course fl uid and rapidly merging: climate change is all-encompassing, with mitigation actions covering electricity and forests, and adaptation required as much in urban heat islands as in agriculture. Coastal ecosystems and the fishworkers dependent upon them, such as those in Mumbai (the “ecosystem people” as Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha called them), are struggling because of ill-planned urban infrastructure development. Forest dwellers’ rights are violated as much in the name of “development” projects such as coal mining and dams as in the name of wildlife conservation, the benefi ts of both flowing mainly to urban areas. Large-scale solar photovoltaic “parks” can only be set up in rural areas, on private or public lands, with their own impacts on people and wildlife, while the electricity they generate disappears into the “grid.” And the growing luxury consumption marks its footprints everywhere through multiple pathways—from vehicular air pollution to mining, from water-intensive crops to exclusionary wildlife tourism. The papers in this special issue draw attention to these overlaps as they discuss the range of rural/urban, traditional/modern environmental issues from diverse socio-economic, political, scientifi c, institutional, and ecological lenses.